Which routes are approved for administering vaccines by a pharmacist or intern?

The correct answer identifies the acceptable routes for administering vaccines, which are intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SubQ), and intranasal. In the context of pharmacy practice, especially in Nevada and many other jurisdictions, pharmacists and interns are specifically trained and authorized to administer vaccines via these routes.

Administering vaccines intramuscularly is common for a variety of vaccines because it facilitates the absorption and effectiveness of the immunogens. The subcutaneous route is also frequently used for certain vaccines that require slower absorption. Intranasal administration allows for vaccines to be given in a less invasive manner and can be particularly beneficial for vaccines like the flu vaccine, providing a valuable alternative for patients who may have concerns about needles.

The other options include routes or combinations that are not standard for vaccine administration by pharmacists. For instance, oral is typically not a route for vaccine delivery due to its variable absorption and potential degradation by digestive enzymes. The intravenous route is also generally not utilized for vaccines given by pharmacists because it primarily serves for medication delivery rather than immunization, which is typically less invasive. By focusing on IM, SubQ, and intranasal, this correct choice reflects the current scope of pharmacy practice when it comes to vaccination efforts.